Almanacs are annual publications that include a variety of information. In North America, almanacs such as The Old Farmer's Almanac, record and predict astronomical events (like the rising and setting of the Sun), tides, weather, and other phenomena with respect to time.

Benjamin Banneker published his almanacs annually from 1791-to 1797. His almanacs were innovative not only because they were produced by a black man in an age when African Americans were often considered incapable of scientific, mathematical, or literary accomplishment, but because they also included commentaries, literature, and other editorials that had a political and humanitarian purpose.

For example, in his 1793 edition, Banneker included his 1791 correspondence with Thomas Jefferson. In this correspondence, Banneker challenges Jefferson regarding the ideas he put forth in his "Notes on the State of Virginia" that implied African Americans were an inferior race. In the same volume, Banneker included excerpts from anti-slavery speeches and essays from England and America. Ultimately, these almanacs were not only useful publications providing important information, but they were also a form of advocacy for the abolition of slavery in the United States.

To learn more about the accomplishments and life of Benjamin Banneker, you can visit the Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum. The museum (right here in the Patapsco Valley Heritage Area!) is located on the land where Banneker's homestead used to stand! You can learn more about the museum on their website.

Additionally, thanks to the efforts of the National Museum of African American History and Culture, you can take a look at the transcription of Banneker's 1793 almanac here.

Even as industrialization shaped the region, the Patapsco Valley became a leader in conservation. The abundant natural resources centered on the Patapsco River and spreading outward along its tributaries included great stands of forests, outcroppings of granite and diverse plant and animal life. Recognized by the Olmstead brothers as a “greenway” in a rapidly developing corridor, the Valley was at the forefront of the conservation movement.

• In the mid- 1800’s the first fish ladder in Maryland was constructed at the Orange Grove Flour Mill.
• In 1907, the Patapsco Valley State Park was created as the first state park in Maryland. Expanded over the years from its original grant of 43 acres, the Patapsco Valley State Park now extends along 32 miles of the Patapsco River, encompassing 16,043 acres.

The burgeoning population of the Patapsco Valley demanded innovation in transportation so that farmers, millers and manufacturers could get the raw materials needed for production as well as transport their finished products first to Elkridge Landing and later to Baltimore for sale and shipment around the world.

Transportation firsts to meet those needs included:

• The first-federally funded interstate known as the National Road
• The first commercial railroad in America, the B&O
• The first railway depot in the world, Ellicott Mills- now a national landmark
• The Tom Thumb, the first successful steam engine in the U.S.